Read the exact program promise

Apple's US page says its Certified Refurbished products include a one-year limited warranty, and refurbished iOS devices get a new battery and outer shell. These are Apple's program terms, not a universal definition of refurbished.

Sources[1] Apple

Inspect what appearance cannot show

Apple's preowned-iPhone guide recommends checking battery health, return terms and lock status. It says not to buy an Activation-Locked device. Available parts-history information depends on model and software.

Sources[2] Apple

Make the quote specific

Our checklist: record the battery standard, parts policy, functional tests, return window and legal warranty provider. Treat an 'excellent condition' label as a question to clarify, not a battery-health measurement.